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Cuban Revolution

For other uses, see Cuban Revolution (disambiguation).

Cuban Revolution
Part of the Cold War

Fidel Castro and his men in the Sierra Maestra
Date26 July 1953 – 1 January 1959
(5 years, 5 months and 6 days)
Location
Cuba
Result

26th of July Movement victory

Belligerents

 Cuba

Commanders and leaders
Strength
Republic of Cuba (1902–1959) 20,000 (1958) 3,000 (1958)
Casualties and losses
2,000 killed[1]
Arms captured:
 1,000 killed[1]
Thousands of civilians tortured and murdered by Batista's government; unknown number of people executed by the Rebel Army[3][4][5][6]
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The Cuban Revolution (Spanish: Revolución cubana) was the military and political effort to overthrow Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship which reigned as the government of Cuba between 1952 and 1959. It began after the 1952 Cuban coup d'état which saw former president and military general, Fulgencio Batista topple the nascent Cuban democracy and consolidate power.[7] Among those opposing the coup was Fidel Castro, then a novice attorney who attempted to contest the coup through Cuba's judiciary. Once these efforts proved fruitless, Fidel Castro and his brother Raúl launched armed attack on the Cuban military's Moncada Barracks on July 26, 1953. Following the attack's failure, Fidel Castro and his co-conspirators were detained and formed the 26th of July Movement (M-26-7). At his trial, Fidel Castro launched into a two hour speech that garnered him national fame as he laid out his grievances against the Batista dictatorship. In an attempt to win public approval, Batista authorized amnesty to the surviving Moncada Barracks attackers and forced them into exile. The Castro brothers regrouped abroad with Che Guevara whom they met in Mexico. In 1956 the rebels returned to Cuba upon the Gramna, a yacht whose landing was interrupted by fire from Batista's troops. Guevara and the Castro brothers fled into the Sierra Maestra where the M-26-7 rebel forces would reorganize, conducting urban sabotage and covert recruitment. Over time the originally critical and ambivalent Popular Socialist Party would see its influence and power wane towards the 26th of July Movement. As the movement against Batista escalated, the rebel forces transformed from crude, guerrilla fighters into a cohesive, fighting force that could confront Batista's army in military engagements. By the time the rebels were able to oust Batista, the revolution was being driven by a coalition between the Popular Socialist Party, 26th of July Movement, and the Revolutionary Directorate of March 13.[8]

The rebels, lead by the 26th of July Movement finally toppled Batista on 1 January 1959, who fled the country. Batista's government was dismantled as Fidel Castro became the most prominent leader of the forces opposing Batista. Soon thereafter, the 26th of July Movement established itself as the de facto government and quickly consolidated power leading to domestic and international tensions. 26 July 1953 is celebrated in Cuba as Día de la Revolución (from Spanish: "Day of the Revolution"). The 26th of July Movement later reformed along Marxist–Leninist lines, becoming the Communist Party of Cuba in October 1965.[9]

The Cuban Revolution had powerful and profound domestic and international repercussions. In particular, it transformed Cuba–United States relations, although efforts to improve diplomatic relations, such as the Cuban thaw, gained momentum during the 2010s and have continued through the 2020s.[10][11][12][13] In the immediate aftermath of the revolution, Castro's government began a program of nationalization, centralization of the press and political consolidation that transformed Cuba's economy and civil society, that angered both sectors of the Cuban population and the American government.[14][15] The revolution also heralded an era of Cuban intervention in foreign conflicts in Africa, Latin America, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East.[16][17][18][19] Several rebellions that occurred between 1959 and 1965, mainly in the Escambray Mountains, which were suppressed by the revolutionary government.[20][21][22][23]

  1. ^ a b Dixon, Jeffrey S.; Sarkees, Meredith Reid (2015). A Guide to Intra-state Wars: An Examination of Civil, Regional, and Intercommunal Wars, 1816–2014. CQ Press. p. 98.
  2. ^ Jowett, Philip (2019). Liberty or Death: Latin American Conflicts, 1900–70. p. 309.
  3. ^ Jacob Bercovitch and Richard Jackson (1997). International Conflict: A Chronological Encyclopedia of Conflicts and Their Management, 1945–1995. Congressional Quarterly.
  4. ^ Singer, Joel David and Small, Melvin (1974). The Wages of War, 1816–1965. Inter-University Consortium for Political Research.
  5. ^ Eckhardt, William, in Sivard, Ruth Leger (1987). World Military and Social Expenditures, 1987–88 (12th ed.), World Priorities.
  6. ^ "Massacres during Batista's Dictatorship". 26 January 2017. Archived from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
  7. ^ Bustamante, Michael J. (30 September 2019), "The Cuban Revolution", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-932917-5, retrieved 16 May 2024
  8. ^ Kapcia, Antoni (2020). A Short History of Revolutionary Cuba Revolution, Power, Authority and the State from 1959 to the Present Day. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 15–19. ISBN 978-1786736475.
  9. ^ "Cuba Marks 50 Years Since 'Triumphant Revolution'" Archived 27 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Jason Beaubien. NPR. 1 January 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference FirstShipCuba2012 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ "On Cuba Embargo, It's the U.S. and Israel Against the World – Again". The New York Times. 28 October 2014. Archived from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2014.
  12. ^ "Cuba off the U.S. terrorism list: Goodbye to a Cold War relic". Los Angeles Times. 17 April 2015. Archived from the original on 18 April 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference ReOpen2015 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Lazo, Mario (1970). American Policy Failures in Cuba – Dagger in the Heart. Twin Circle Publishing Co.: New York. pp. 198–200, 204. LCCN 68-31632.
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference TheAmCon was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ "The Cuban Army Abroad – Meet Castro's Foreign Cold Warriors". Archived from the original on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  17. ^ Parameters: Journal of the US Army War College. U.S. Army War College. 1977. p. 13.
  18. ^ "Foreign Intervention by Cuba" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2017.
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference HistoryToday1981 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ Tamayo, Juan O. "El alzamiento más prolongado contra Castro". elnuevoherald (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  21. ^ "Los rostros del Escambray". elnuevoherald (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  22. ^ "¿Quien era el Capitan Tondique? – Proyecto Tondique". ¿Quien era el Capitan Tondique? – Proyecto Tondique (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  23. ^ "New Clashes Reported In Cuban Countryside". latinamericanstudies.org. Retrieved 29 May 2019.

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